How do you handle dynamic elements in Selenium?

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Handling dynamic elements in Selenium requires strategies that deal with changing element attributes (like id, class, etc.) or delayed rendering. Here are effective methods:

1. Explicit Waits: Use WebDriverWait with expected conditions to wait for elements to be present, clickable, or visible before interacting.

2. Relative XPaths: Instead of relying on changing attributes, use stable DOM relationships or partial matches:

3. CSS Selectors with Partial Matching: Match elements using stable parts of class names or attributes:

4. Avoid Absolute XPaths: Use relative paths or robust selectors to avoid brittle locators that break with layout changes.

5. Use of ExpectedConditions.stalenessOf: Helps handle elements that reload or refresh after interaction.

6. Handling Stale Element Reference Exception: Re-locate the element when this exception occurs, often after a DOM update.

7. Custom Wait Functions: For more complex behavior, write custom wait conditions using WebDriverWait.

By combining smart locator strategies and wait mechanisms, Selenium can reliably interact with dynamic elements in modern web applications.

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